Gender socialization, as one of the most basic types of socialization, affects a person's individual and social life, including the stability of his or her marital life. The aim of this study was to explain the relationship between gender socialization and divorce between 178 divorced women and 222 women with emotional divorce, which was conducted by survey method in Bandar Abbas. This study used biological and social theories to explain gender socialization and theories of structural functionalism and the love triangle to explain divorce. In the present study, simple and stratified random sampling proportional to volume was used for women with emotional divorce and chain sampling was used for divorced women. Questionnaire data were collected through interviews and face validity was confirmed through literature review and expert judgment, structural validity was confirmed by factor analysis and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that gender socialization of 29.4% of divorced women and 70.6% of women with emotional divorce is traditional, and on the other hand 60.2% of divorced women and 39.8% of women with emotional divorce, Had a modern gender socialization. According to the results of Chi-square test, there is a significant relationship between the type of gender socialization of women, gender values, gender inequality and power relations with the type of divorce. Accordingly, women with emotional divorce have a more traditional outlook than divorced women.

Gender socialization, as one of the most basic types of socialization, affects a person's individual and social life, including the stability of his or her marital life. The aim of this study was to explain the relationship between gender socialization and divorce between 178 divorced women and 222 women with emotional divorce, which was conducted by survey method in Bandar Abbas. This study used biological and social theories to explain gender socialization and theories of structural functionalism and the love triangle to explain divorce. In the present study, simple and stratified random sampling proportional to volume was used for women with emotional divorce and chain sampling was used for divorced women. Questionnaire data were collected through interviews and face validity was confirmed through literature review and expert judgment, structural validity was confirmed by factor analysis and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that gender socialization of 29.4% of divorced women and 70.6% of women with emotional divorce is traditional, and on the other hand 60.2% of divorced women and 39.8% of women with emotional divorce, Had a modern gender socialization. According to the results of Chi-square test, there is a significant relationship between the type of gender socialization of women, gender values, gender inequality and power relations with the type of divorce. Accordingly, women with emotional divorce have a more traditional outlook than divorced women.

This article would initially explain the concepts and theoretical definitions of sexual identity, the role of culture in the formation of this identity and the representation of sexual identity in culture through the ideas of two most prominent theorists of this concept; Sandra Barn and Michael Kimmel. It would emphasis on this fact that sexual identity cannot be studied in the domain of biology but rather its formation and reformation ought to be scrutinized in various domains of social science and culture. Sexual identity manifested in the culture of every society is the origin of many social inequalities between sexes. Therefore, studying the manifestation of sexual identity in a culture is important for recognizing the origins, and for linguistic and cultural creation based on sexual equality. The second part of the article provides examples that reflect sexual identity and the characteristics of Iranian women identity in Iranian literature as an important part of the culture.

It is feasible to investigate oral culture and proverbs in order to comprehend the elements of Iranian men's masculinity as a field of men's studies. Men's studies is a new, emerging discipline within the fields of sociology and gender studies that has made significant strides in the understanding of men, including their behavior, expectations, attributions, and inherent identity. It is crucial to analyze proverbs because they serve as a conduit between the researcher and popular culture, enabling the researcher to gain a comprehensive understanding of the societal members' perspectives. The content analysis method was employed to conduct this qualitative research. 803 proverbs were selected and analyzed in this study, with the following keywords: man, spouse, son-in-law, uncle, father, and son. The analysis of the content of proverbs resulted in seventy-eight sub-components out of ten general components. The centrality of the general component “Masculinity as a contradictory phenomenon” was ultimately determined. The paradoxical issue of masculinity originates from an unclear situation that means that it is unclear when men have been characterized by these traits and whether there has ever been a time when men exhibited distinct masculinity behavior. The second facet of masculinity as a contradictory entity is the opposition and conflict with women. It is the site of investigation into the reasons and processes that result in a divergent and contradictory understanding, ultimately resulting in an opposition. Consequently, numerous evidences have been presented

Objective: A meta-analysis of gender differences and English language learning literature until 2015 is conducted. The present study is an attempt to bring together evidence from a diverse field of methods for investigating gender differences in language processing.Method: In total, 177 studies containing 289 independent gender outcomes were analyzed. Then, 263 effect sizes were calculated for females and 263 effect sizes were calculated for males. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (version 2.0) software was used to perform the statistical analyses.Results: Overall results indicated an effect size of essentially zero on the measure of gender. The statistical analysis yielded a large effect size, but there was no significant difference between male and female learners. Moreover, the analysis of effect sizes for different measures of language ability showed almost all to be small in magnitude. In general, no significant heterogeneity was observed in each subset.Conclusion: Gender differences in verbal abilities and functions related to language processing are not identifiable, if they exist, with the research methods used today. The implications of these findings are discussed, including their implications for theories of gender differences and their relation to the changing gender roles.